भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम, 2023 — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Section 1 — Short title, application and commencement
Section 2 — Definitions
Section 3 — Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts
Section 4 — Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction
Section 5 — Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts
Section 6 — Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct
Section 7 — Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts
Section 8 — Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
Section 9 — When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
Section 10 — Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages
Section 11 — Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
Section 12 — Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling
Section 13 — Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional
Section 14 — Existence of course of business when relevant
Section 15 — Admission defined
Section 16 — Admission by party to proceeding or his agent
Section 17 — Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit
Section 18 — Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit
Section 19 — Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf
Section 20 — When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
Section 21 — Admissions in civil cases when relevant
Section 22 — Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding
Section 23 — Confession to police officer
Section 24 — Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence
Section 25 — Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop
Section 26 — Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant
Section 27 — Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated
Section 28 — Entries in books of account when relevant
Section 29 — Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty
Section 30 — Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
Section 31 — Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications
Section 32 — Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form
Section 33 — What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers
Section 34 — Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
Section 35 — Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction
Section 36 — Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35
Section 37 — Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant
Section 38 — Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved
Section 39 — Opinions of experts
Section 40 — Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
Section 41 — Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
Section 42 — Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant
Section 43 — Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant
Section 44 — Opinion on relationship, when relevant
Section 45 — Grounds of opinion, when relevant
Section 46 — In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
Section 47 — In criminal cases previous good character relevant
Section 48 — Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases
Section 49 — Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
Section 50 — Character as affecting damages
Section 51 — Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
Section 52 — Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice
Section 53 — Facts admitted need not be proved
Section 54 — Proof of facts by oral evidence
Section 55 — Oral evidence to be direct
Section 56 — Proof of contents of documents
Section 57 — Primary evidence
Section 58 — Secondary evidence
Section 59 — Proof of documents by primary evidence
Section 60 — Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
Section 61 — Electronic or digital record
Section 62 — Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
Section 63 — Admissibility of electronic records
Section 64 — Rules as to notice to produce
Section 65 — Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
Section 66 — Proof as to electronic signature
Section 67 — Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
Section 68 — Proof where no attesting witness found
Section 69 — Admission of execution by party to attested document
Section 70 — Proof when attesting witness denies execution
Section 71 — Proof of document not required by law to be attested
Section 72 — Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
Section 73 — Proof as to verification of digital signature
Section 74 — Public and private documents
Section 75 — Certified copies of public documents
Section 76 — Proof of documents by production of certified copies
Section 77 — Proof of other official documents
Section 78 — Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies
Section 79 — Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc
Section 80 — Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents
Section 81 — Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record
Section 82 — Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
Section 83 — Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions
Section 84 — Presumption as to powers-of-attorney
Section 85 — Presumption as to electronic agreements
Section 86 — Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
Section 87 — Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
Section 88 — Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
Section 89 — Presumption as to books, maps and charts
Section 90 — Presumption as to electronic messages
Section 91 — Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced
Section 92 — Presumption as to documents thirty years old
Section 93 — Presumption as to electronic records five years old
Section 94 — Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document
Section 95 — Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
Section 96 — Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
Section 97 — Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
Section 98 — Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
Section 99 — Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons
Section 100 — Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies
Section 101 — Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc
Section 102 — Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
Section 103 — Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills
Section 104 — Burden of proof
Section 105 — On whom burden of proof lies
Section 106 — Burden of proof as to particular fact
Section 107 — Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
Section 108 — Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
Section 109 — Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
Section 110 — Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
Section 111 — Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years
Section 112 — Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent
Section 113 — Burden of proof as to ownership
Section 114 — Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
Section 115 — Presumption as to certain offences
Section 116 — Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy
Section 117 — Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
Section 118 — Presumption as to dowry death
Section 119 — Court may presume existence of certain facts
Section 120 — Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape
Section 121 — Estoppel
Section 122 — Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession
Section 123 — Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee
Section 124 — Who may testify
Section 125 — Witness unable to communicate verbally
Section 126 — Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases
Section 127 — Judges and Magistrates
Section 128 — Communications during marriage
Section 129 — Evidence as to affairs of State
Section 130 — Official communications
Section 131 — Information as to commission of offences
Section 132 — Professional communications
Section 133 — Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence
Section 134 — Confidential communication with legal advisers
Section 135 — Production of title-deeds of witness not a party
Section 136 — Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce
Section 137 — Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
Section 138 — Accomplice
Section 139 — Number of witnesses
Section 140 — Order of production and examination of witnesses
Section 141 — Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
Section 142 — Examination of witnesses
Section 143 — Order of examinations
Section 144 — Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
Section 145 — Witnesses to character
Section 146 — Leading questions
Section 147 — Evidence as to matters in writing
Section 148 — Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
Section 149 — Questions lawful in cross-examination
Section 150 — When witness to be compelled to answer
Section 151 — Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
Section 152 — Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
Section 153 — Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
Section 154 — Indecent and scandalous questions
Section 155 — Questions intended to insult or annoy
Section 156 — Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
Section 157 — Question by party to his own witness
Section 158 — Impeaching credit of witness
Section 159 — Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
Section 160 — Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
Section 161 — What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27
Section 162 — Refreshing memory
Section 163 — Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162
Section 164 — Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
Section 165 — Production of documents
Section 166 — Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
Section 167 — Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
Section 168 — Judge’s power to put questions or order production
Section 169 — No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence
Section 170 — Repeal and savings